Author: Mirna Vuletic 08.04.2024 Zagreb, Croatia
Everything you need to know about electric vehicle batteries
Basics of electric batteries
Electric batteries are devices that convert chemical energy (stored in them) into electrical energy that can be used to power electrical devices. There are different types of electric batteries, but most of them work on a similar principle.
Furthermore, electric batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. They have three basic components: anode (negative), cathode (positive), and electrolyte. When the battery is working, electrochemical reactions take place between the anode and cathode through the electrolyte. During charging, the anode receives electrons, while the cathode releases electrons. But when the battery is used, electrons move through an external circuit from the anode to the cathode, creating an electric current that powers the device.
Different types of batteries use different chemical compounds for the anode, cathode, and electrolyte, resulting in different characteristics and performance. Some of the most common types of batteries include lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and lithium-polymer batteries. Each of these types has its advantages and disadvantages and is used in different applications depending on the needs.
EV batteries- battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles
Advantages and disadvantages of electric batteries
Each type of battery has its advantages and disadvantages.
First, we have lead-acid batteries, which are relatively cheap and suitable for a wide range of applications. However, their disadvantage is that they are heavy and require maintenance.
The following are nickel-cadmium batteries, the advantage of which is a long service life. Their disadvantage is that they contain harmful heavy metals and are subject to the memory effect.
Furthermore, Nickel-metal hydride batteries are less harmful to the environment and have a higher energy density than NiCd batteries, but they discharge faster and can lose capacity over time.
In addition, we have lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and no memory effect, but they are more prone to overheating and are more expensive to manufacture.
Likewise, lithium polymer batteries are flexible and have a high energy density, but can be dangerous if not used properly and require special charge and discharge management.
All these characteristics are important when choosing a battery for a specific application.
Battery electric car with lithium-ion batteries
Battery life and longevity
Battery life varies depending on battery type, usage, and environmental conditions.
Here are a few factors that affect the longevity of batteries:
Battery type:
Different types of batteries have different lifespans. For example, lithium-ion batteries tend to have a longer lifespan than lead-acid batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are designed to have a large number of charge and discharge cycles before significantly losing capacity. In addition, lithium-ion batteries have a lower self-discharge rate compared to other types of batteries, meaning they lose energy more slowly when not in use.
Method of use:
The intensity and frequency of charging and discharging the battery can affect its service life. Deep discharging or overcharging can shorten battery life. Furthermore, if the battery is regularly charged and discharged quickly or with high intensity, this can negatively affect its service life. High intensities of charging or discharging can cause faster wear of the materials inside the battery and can lead to a reduction in capacity or damage to the battery over time.
Deep discharging, which means draining the battery completely before recharging, can be harmful to some types of batteries. For example, with lead-acid batteries, deep discharge can cause corrosion of the plates inside the battery and decrease its efficiency. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid deep discharge as much as possible.
Overcharging, i.e. charging the battery beyond its capacity or at too high a voltage, can also be harmful. This can cause the battery to overheat, lose electrolyte, or even damage internal components, which can shorten its life and cause a potential explosion or fire hazard.
Electric vehicle- battery electric cars, electric motors, regenerative braking
Temperature:
High temperatures can accelerate the deterioration of batteries. Therefore, it is important to avoid exposing batteries to extreme temperatures.
High temperatures accelerate chemical reactions inside the battery. This can increase rates of corrosion, electrolyte degradation, and other processes that reduce battery capacity and efficiency. Likewise, at high temperatures, self-discharge of the battery, i.e. the loss of energy while the battery is inactive, can be accelerated. This means that the battery can lose its stored energy faster than it would otherwise at lower temperatures.
Environmental conditions:
Humidity, vibration, and other environmental factors can also affect battery performance and longevity.
High humidity can cause corrosion of the internal parts of the battery, especially metal components. In addition, humidity can contribute to the breakdown of the electrolyte, which can interfere with the normal functioning of the battery.
Furthermore, vibration can cause physical damage to the battery, such as cracks, tears, or loosening of internal components. This can lead to electrolyte leakage or reduced battery performance.
Other environmental factors such as exposure to chemicals, dust, UV radiation, or other aggressive environments can also negatively affect batteries. These conditions can cause chemical changes in the battery or physical damage that reduces its efficiency and life.
Electric motor- traction battery, battery management system, battery cell, battery price
Quality:
The quality of the battery and its components plays a key role in its lifespan. Better quality batteries tend to last longer than cheaper alternatives.
Batteries made of high-quality materials usually have better performance and longevity. Quality electrodes, electrolytes, and other parts can enable better performance during charging and discharging, and reduce the risk of chemical reactions that can shorten the life of the battery.
Storage:
Storage methods can also affect battery life. Batteries should be stored in a dry place at a moderate temperature to prevent deterioration.
It is important to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations on battery storage. Ultimately, proper storage of batteries in a dry place at a moderate temperature can extend their life and ensure their optimal performance when in use.
Charging and discharging cycles:
Every battery has a limited number of charge and discharge cycles before it begins to lose capacity. Because this means that every time the battery is charged and discharged, its capacity may drop a little. This process is called “capacity reduction” and occurs gradually over time. Finally, monitoring and limiting the number of cycles can help extend battery life by reducing the rate at which capacity is lost.
By considering these factors and properly maintaining batteries, it is possible to extend their life and maximize their performance over time.
Take care of electric car batteries- lithium-ion battery(li-ion batteries), battery materials, battery swapping
Recycling of electric batteries
Battery recycling plays a key role in preserving the environment and resources. Many types of batteries contain harmful substances such as heavy metals and chemicals that can be dangerous to the environment if disposed of improperly. For example, waste batteries often end up in landfills, where they can cause soil, water, and air pollution. However, battery recycling enables the reduction of waste and the recovery of valuable materials such as metals (such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and aluminum) that can be reused. In addition, recycling enables the safe treatment of harmful substances present in batteries, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury. In this way, their negative impact on the environment and human health is reduced. Therefore, it is important to educate people about the importance of recycling batteries and provide the infrastructure for their responsible disposal by regulations and rules.
Recycle your batteries- battery chemistry, lead acid batteries, solid-state batteries, larger batteries, electricity storage
Batteries in electric vehicles
Battery capacity in electric vehicles (EVs) varies depending on the vehicle model and the type of battery pack used. Capacity is usually expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh). For most current electric vehicles, the battery capacity can be between 40 kWh and over 100 kWh, depending on the manufacturer and model.
As for the range of electric vehicles, it also depends on the battery capacity, but also on other factors such as vehicle aerodynamics, vehicle weight, driving conditions, and driving style. In general, a higher battery capacity allows for a longer range, but there is no single formula that would accurately determine the vehicle’s range because it is a highly variable value.
For example, electric vehicles with a smaller battery capacity would go about 200-300 km on a single charge, while those with a larger battery capacity can have a range of 400 km or more on a single charge.
It is important to note that battery technology in EVs is constantly advancing, resulting in improved battery capacity and increased vehicle range.
All electric vehicles have electric motor (electric car batteries work)
Effect of temperature on EV range
Temperature has a significant impact on the range of electric vehicles (EVs) for several reasons.
Low temperatures can reduce the efficiency of batteries in EVs, as they reduce the mobility of the ions in the battery, resulting in reduced capacity and reduced battery voltage. This can lead to a reduction in the available energy for driving and a reduction in the vehicle’s range.
In addition, in cold conditions, more energy is needed to heat the interior of the vehicle, which further reduces the available energy to drive the vehicle. Dense air at low temperatures can increase air resistance while driving, requiring more energy to maintain the same speed, and also reducing vehicle efficiency and range.
On the other hand, high temperatures can also harm batteries, especially if they are heated to extremely high levels, which can cause batteries to deteriorate faster and reduce their lifespan.
Manufacturers often incorporate battery and interior temperature management systems as well as improved battery technologies that are more resistant to extreme temperatures to reduce the negative impact of temperature on the EV range.
Drivers can also optimize their driving and plan routes to make the most of available energy and increase range in all weather conditions.
Try out new adventures in an electric car
Battery charging time for electric vehicles and availability of chargers
Battery charging times and charger availability play a key role in the acceptability and convenience of electric vehicles (EVs) for drivers.
Battery charging time varies depending on battery type, battery capacity, charger type, and charging power. Fast chargers can significantly reduce charging times, allowing drivers to top up their battery quickly, while slower chargers can require longer charging times, often several hours or even overnight to fully charge.
The availability of chargers is also important as drivers should have access to chargers on journeys to ensure they can recharge the battery when needed. These include chargers at home, at work, in shopping malls, at gas stations, and along highways.
Furthermore, the lack of chargers or their insufficient availability can be an obstacle for drivers of electric vehicles. Therefore, the charging infrastructure is constantly being expanded to ensure that there are a sufficient number of chargers. Especially fast chargers along the main traffic corridors and in places where drivers spend time. Initiatives such as the construction of fast charging stations and the improvement of the charging network are helping to improve the availability and convenience of charging, thereby facilitating the transition to electric vehicles.
Electric car batteries and electric motor- battery electric vehicles
The effect of fast charging on the battery pack
Rapid battery charging can have several effects on an electric vehicle battery, including increased temperature, increased stress on the battery, reduced battery life, and possible damage to the electrodes within the battery.
Intensive fast charging can accelerate the aging process of the battery, resulting in a reduction of its life and capacity. However, advances in battery technology can reduce the negative impacts of fast charging, with improvements in stress and heat resistance.
While fast charging provides convenience and flexibility for EV drivers, it is important to choose a balance between charging speed and long-term battery health, avoiding intensive fast charging if possible to ensure optimal battery health over time.
Electric car charging cycles- lithium-ion EV battery, energy storage capacity
Battery safety in electric cars
Battery safety in electric cars is critical to their acceptance and reliability. Battery systems usually include overheating protection measures, such as thermal sensors and temperature management systems.
Also, there are over-voltage and over-discharge protections to keep the batteries within safe limits. The battery packs are placed inside solid casings to protect against mechanical damage during a crash.
Advances in battery technology are continuously improving safety, with the automotive industry constantly raising safety standards. Although incidents are rare, manufacturers and regulatory bodies are constantly working to improve safety to ensure the highest possible level of protection for drivers, passengers, and the environment.
Most electric cars have rechargeable batteries that provide power to the vehicle
Technological progress
Technological progress, in the field of battery technologies, brings a new generation of batteries that offer numerous advantages compared to traditional types. For example, lithium-ion batteries, which are currently most commonly used in electric vehicles (EVs), have their advantages, but there are also new types of batteries that provide improvements in key areas. One such new type is lithium polymer batteries, which offer higher energy density and can be more flexible in design.
In addition, there are more advanced battery technologies such as solid electrolyte and lithium-sulfide batteries that promise even higher energy density, safety, and durability. The advantages of these new types of batteries include longer life, higher capacity, faster charging, greater safety, and less sensitivity to extreme temperature conditions.
The application of these advanced battery technologies can significantly improve the performance and practicality of electric vehicles. It can also pave the way for widespread adoption of electric mobility and a reduction in dependence on fossil fuels.
EV has brake pads, but also a regenerative braking option
Improving performance and reducing battery costs
Improving battery performance and reducing battery costs are key goals in the development of battery technologies for electric vehicles (EVs). Advances in these areas bring numerous benefits, including longer vehicle ranges, shorter charging times, longer battery life, and lower costs of manufacturing and purchasing EVs.
One of the ways to improve performance is to increase the energy density of batteries, which enables greater energy storage capacity in a smaller volume. This results in vehicles with longer ranges and smaller battery pack dimensions, which facilitates their integration into the vehicle and improves overall efficiency.
Furthermore, the reduction of battery costs is achieved through the optimization of production processes, the development of cheaper materials and technologies, and increased bulk production. The development of new materials, such as cheaper lithium compounds, or alternative materials such as sodium or magnesium, can also contribute to reducing costs.
Also, improving battery life reduces the need for frequent replacements, which lowers the total cost of EV ownership in the long run. The combination of performance advances and battery cost reductions is key to further popularizing electric mobility and its wider consumer acceptance.
Some cars Like Tesla Y have large-capacity batteries
The impact of advances in battery technology on the EV industry
Advances in battery technologies are having a significant impact on the electric vehicle (EV) industry on several levels. Improvements in vehicle performance, including longer range, shorter charging times, and better performance, are increasing the appeal of electric vehicles among consumers, removing traditional barriers to the spread of electric mobility.
Furthermore, the reduction in battery costs contributes to lower total cost of EV ownership, making them more competitive with internal combustion vehicles. Sales of electric vehicles are expected to increase as performance improves, vehicle range increases, and ownership costs decrease, encouraging further development of EV technologies and competition among car manufacturers.
Likewise, advanced battery technologies contribute to the sustainability of the EV industry, enabling the wider adoption of electric vehicles in various sectors and applications. In summary, advances in battery technologies are critical to the further development and expansion of the EV industry and contribute to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependence.
There are also hybrid electric vehicles (hybrid cars) with electric car batteries that work
The future of battery technologies
The future of battery technologies includes continuous advances in energy density, charging speed, durability, and safety of batteries. New materials and technologies such as solid electrolytes, lithium-sulfide batteries, and graphene-based technologies are expected to be developed, which will enable even greater vehicle range, shorter charging times, and lower costs. The integration of batteries with renewable energy sources and advances in energy storage technology will contribute to the further expansion of electric mobility. It will also contribute to other applications such as energy storage and electrification of the transport and industrial sectors. With continued research and investment in this area, battery technologies are expected to become key to a sustainable energy transition and reduction of CO2 emissions in the future.
An electric car has multiple battery modules and battery cells (individual cells)
Sustainability and impact on the environment
Sustainability in the use of resources for battery production is becoming increasingly important as electric mobility expands. This entails reducing the environmental impact through the application of sustainable practices in the production process, including reducing the use of rare metals, recycling materials, and using renewable energy sources.
Furthermore, battery recycling plays a key role in recovering valuable metals and materials from used batteries, which reduces the need for new raw material extractions. The concept of the circular economy encourages the design of products that are easier to recycle and the development of innovative recycling processes to maximize the use of resources.
A sustainable supply of raw materials is essential to ensure the sustainability of battery production, which includes monitoring and reducing the negative impacts of raw material extraction and promoting fair and sustainable practices in the supply chain. All these measures together contribute to the creation of a sustainable and resource-efficient production of batteries, crucial for the sustainable development of electric mobility.
Hybrid electric vehicles use both electric motors and internal combustion engines
Battery recycling and environmental impact
Battery recycling has a significant impact on the environment as it helps to reduce the ecological footprint and minimize the negative consequences that the production and disposal of batteries can have. Recycling enables the recovery of valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and other rare metals from used batteries, thus reducing the need for new mining of raw materials. Furthermore, reduces the exploitation of natural resources and the negative effects it can have on the environment, including ecosystem destruction, soil, water, and air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.
In addition, recycling batteries reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills, thereby preventing soil and groundwater pollution and saving space in landfills. However, it is important to note that battery recycling can be a complex process that requires special technologies and facilities, as well as the safe handling of hazardous materials. Therefore, it is important to carry out battery recycling according to environmental regulations and standards to ensure that the maximum positive impact on the environment is achieved.
Batteries are included in the purchase price of all-electric cars
Electric cars vs. fossil fuel vehicles
A comparison of the ecological footprint between electric cars and fossil fuel vehicles shows significant differences in terms of environmental impact. Electric vehicles tend to have a smaller environmental footprint compared to internal combustion vehicles for several reasons.
First, electric cars produce no direct greenhouse gas emissions while driving, resulting in less CO2 and other pollutants. Second, although the production of batteries for electric cars requires the extraction of rare metals and other raw materials, the recycling of batteries allows the recovery of valuable materials, which reduces the need for new extraction of raw materials and the negative effects on the environment.
On the other hand, fossil fuel vehicles have a larger environmental footprint due to emissions of CO2, nitrogen oxides, particulates, and other pollutants while driving, as well as the negative impact of oil mining and processing for fuel production. In short, electric vehicles tend to have a smaller environmental footprint than fossil fuel vehicles due to their lower in-use emissions and the ability to recycle batteries.
There are also hybrid electric vehicles with electric car batteries and fuel tank
The role of electric cars in the fight against climate change
Electric cars have a key role to play in the fight against climate change for several reasons. First of all, EVs reduce emissions of harmful gases such as CO2, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter while driving because they are powered by electricity instead of fossil fuels. This reduces overall greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to global efforts to reduce the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Furthermore, electric vehicles can act as a driver to increase the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power because they are able to use electricity that is produced sustainably. In addition, EVs encourage innovation in battery technology and energy storage, which can have a positive impact on the expansion of renewable energy sources and the development of energy-efficient technologies.
Finally, the spread of electric mobility also encourages changes in urban planning and mobility, such as the development of charging infrastructure, encouraging public transport, and encouraging the use of sustainable forms of transport such as bicycles and electric scooters. In short, electric vehicles play a key role in the fight against climate change by promoting clean mobility, reducing emissions, and driving technological innovation towards a more sustainable future.
Try out the maximum range of Tesla Model Y or Tesla Model 3- all-electric range
Advice for electric car owners
Electric vehicle (EV) owners are offered advice on maximizing range, proper battery maintenance, choosing a charger, and using different charging methods, as well as diagnosing battery problems.
Maximizing range:
Drive efficiently: Adjust your driving style to avoid quick starts and sudden braking, which can increase energy consumption.
Route planning: Use apps and navigation systems that provide information about charging stations along your route to avoid unplanned interruptions.
Maintaining optimal tire pressure: Check tire pressure regularly as under-inflated tires can increase energy consumption.
Maximize range with best EV batteries (electric car batteries)- lithium-ion battery (battery cells)
Proper battery maintenance:
Avoiding extreme temperatures: Park the vehicle in a cool place on hot summer days and avoid exposing the battery to extreme temperatures.
Regular charging: Try to keep the battery between 20% and 80% capacity, as prolonged charging to maximum capacity or discharging to full discharge can shorten the life of the battery.
Software updates: Update your vehicle’s software regularly as manufacturers may release battery management improvements that can extend battery life.
Choice of charger and use of different charging methods:
Quality charger: Choose a quality charger that is compatible with your vehicle to ensure safe and efficient charging.
Different charging methods: Use different charging methods such as slow charging at home during the night or fast charging at public stations when you need to charge your battery quickly.
Take care of your EV cars or Hybrid cars with solid-state batteries- they last longer and charge faster
Diagnosis of battery problems:
Performance Monitoring: Regularly monitor battery performance via dashboard information or vehicle-related apps.
Notify the service center: If you notice any irregularities or reduction in range, immediately notify an authorized service center so that they can diagnose and solve any problems with the battery.
By following these tips, EV owners can maximize their vehicles’ range, extend battery life, and ensure safe and efficient charging.
Selling Tips for Used Battery EVs
Selling electric vehicles with a used battery requires a special approach to ensure customer trust and a successful transaction. The key is to provide transparent information about the battery’s condition, including charge history, mileage, and any previous problems. An inspection by a specialist is recommended to confirm that the battery and other parts of the vehicle are in good condition.
Furthermore, offering additional warranties or guarantees on the battery can further ensure customer confidence. When it comes to price, it’s important to be realistic and leave room for negotiation. Educating customers about the benefits and challenges of driving an EV with a used battery is essential to ensure their understanding and satisfaction after purchase.
Finally, giving customers a test drive allows them to personally experience the performance of the vehicle and check the quality of the battery before making a final decision. The integration of these sales approaches facilitates the buying process and provides customers with confidence in the quality of the vehicle they wish to purchase.
Work with power plants of electric cars
Frequently asked questions
In the last part of this blog, we will answer the most frequently asked questions. The questions are focused on batteries in electric cars.
What is kWh and how does it relate to EV range?
kWh (kilowatt-hours) is a unit of electrical energy used to measure energy consumption or battery capacity. When it comes to electric vehicles (EVs), kWh is used to indicate battery capacity, that is, how much energy the battery can store and then use to power the vehicle.
Furthermore, the battery capacity in kWh directly affects the range of the EV, i.e. how far the vehicle can go on a single battery charge. The higher the battery capacity (expressed in kWh), the more distance the vehicle will be able to travel before the battery runs out and requires recharging. Thus, a higher battery capacity usually results in a longer EV range, while a lower capacity limits the range.
When we use the term “range” in the context of EVs, it usually refers to the estimated distance a vehicle can travel on a single battery charge, measured in kilometers (or miles). Thus, a higher battery capacity in kWh usually results in a longer vehicle range on a single charge.
EV batteries- electric car batteries have capacity measured in kWh
How long does it take to charge an EV battery?
EV battery charging time depends on the battery capacity and the type of charger used. Fast chargers can significantly reduce charging time and allow faster charging compared to home chargers. In general, charging an electric car battery at home usually takes from a few hours to overnight, while fast chargers at public stations can charge the battery in a few hours or even less.
How does temperature affect the EV range?
Temperature can significantly affect the range of electric vehicles. Extremely low temperatures can reduce battery efficiency and reduce vehicle range due to increased internal battery resistance. On the other hand, high temperatures can increase the air conditioner’s energy consumption and also reduce the vehicle’s range.
Temperature affects on ev batteries whether it is high or low
What happens when an EV’s battery runs out?
When the EV’s battery is completely discharged, the vehicle will lose power and stop moving. In some cases, a fully discharged battery can cause battery damage. So it is important to avoid fully discharging the battery whenever possible.
Is it safe to drive an EV in winter conditions?
Yes, electric vehicles are safe to drive in winter conditions, but there are several factors to consider. Low temperatures can reduce vehicle range and affect battery performance. It’s also important to make sure your tires are suitable for winter conditions and monitor road conditions.
EV batteries endure winter or any other time of the year
How much does it cost to replace an electric car battery?
Electric car battery replacement costs depend on the vehicle model, battery capacity, and battery manufacturer pricing. It’s common for battery replacements to be more expensive than internal combustion engine replacements, but prices can vary based on many factors.
The cost of replacing an electric car battery can range from a few thousand euros to tens of thousands of euros, depending on several factors. Additionally, it’s worth noting that some manufacturers offer battery replacement programs or replacement packages that can affect the final price.
What are the most common mistakes in electric car battery maintenance?
Some of the common electric car battery maintenance failures include over-discharging or charging the battery, exposing the battery to extreme temperatures, as well as neglecting regular vehicle maintenance and servicing. It is also important to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations and adhere to battery maintenance guidelines to ensure battery longevity and performance.
EV battery pack- like the lithium-ion battery in consumer electronics, EV batteries do degrade over time(lithium-iron-phosphate – li-ion cells)
And for the very end…
Overall, electric vehicles represent the future of sustainable mobility with several benefits, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. However, there are several important factors to consider when driving and maintaining an EV.
If we take the Tesla vehicle as an example, in terms of batteries, both the Model Y and Model 3 use advanced lithium-ion batteries that are integrated into the structure of the vehicle to ensure maximum efficiency and safety. The Model Y and Model 3 offer different battery configurations with different capacities and ranges, allowing customers to choose the option that best suits their needs and budget. Tesla is continuously working to improve battery technology to increase range and reduce costs, which further makes these vehicles attractive to buyers.
Tesla model- initial capacity, energy stored per unit mass of the battery
In addition, Tesla also offers the ability to upgrade the batteries of existing vehicles through software updates, which allows for improved performance and extended battery life without the need for physical replacement. All these features make the Tesla Model Y and Tesla Model 3 the ultimate choice for drivers looking for a combination of high performance, practicality, and environmental awareness.
For those who are not ready or do not want to invest in their electric vehicle, the option of renting a car can be an attractive alternative. Leasing an EV provides access to this technology without a long-term commitment, which can be useful for those who want to try out EVs before making a final purchase decision. With proper maintenance, the world of electric mobility is becoming more accessible and affordable, paving the way for a cleaner and more sustainable future of transportation.
Therefore, if you are ready to rent an electric car, A.S.R. is here for you with its fleet of Tesla vehicles!
Start the journey with your EV Tesla model – A.S.R. Zagreb
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Car rental:Â A.S.R. rent-a-car Zagreb,
Our location: Radnicka cesta 80, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Our working time: 09h – 18h
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